1. 钢筋搭接长度怎么算
钢筋搭接长度怎么算？
钢筋搭接长度的计算公式为：搭接长度=（钢筋直径 8mm）×2 搭接处实际间距。
2. 焊接中的GMWA是什么
GMWA是一种焊接代号，即熔化极气体保护电弧焊。
熔化极气体保护电弧焊（英文简称GMAW）是采用连续等速送进可熔化的焊丝与被焊工件之间的电弧作为热源来熔化焊丝和母材金属，形成熔池和焊缝的焊接方法。为了得到良好的焊缝应利用外加气体作为电弧介质并保护熔滴、熔池金属及焊接区高温金属免受周围空气的有害作用。
熔化极气体保护电弧焊的方法和特点：
由于不同种类的保护气体及焊丝对电弧状态、电气特性、热效应、冶金反应及焊缝成形等有着不同影响，因此根据保护气体的种类和焊丝类型分成不同的焊接方法。
3. 求助专业英文翻译。感谢！
1、电容储能式（单头）点焊机 / the capacitor type (single head) spot welding machine
2、电容储能式（双头）点焊机 /the capacitor type (al head) spot welding machine
3、气动交流脉冲式点焊机 / pneumatic/AC pulsed welding machine
4、气动交流脉冲式（对焊）机 / pneumatic AC pulsed (welding)
5、三相（单相）次级整流点焊机 / three-phase (single-phase) secondary rectification welding machine
6、中频逆变式点焊机 / the frequency of inverter welding machine
7、微型精密（储能）点焊机 / micro-precision (energy storage) spot welding machine
8、微型精密（交流）点焊机 / micro-precision (AC) welding machine
9、电阻缝（滚）焊机 / resistance seam (rolling) welding machines
10、线制品排焊机 / wire procts/welding machine
11、脚踩式点焊机 / foot-type resistance spot welding machine
12、悬挂式点焊机 /suspended spot welding machine
13、铁线成型机 /wire forming machines
14、不锈钢（厨具）焊接专机系列 / stainless steel (kitchenware)/welding machine series
15、电容储能式（毛巾架）焊接专机 / capacitor (towel) welding machine
16、全自动（方盒四角）焊接专机 / automatic (square corners) welding machine
17、CNC（X.Y轴）自动移动多点焊专机昌毁 / CNC (X.Y shaft) to automatically move multiple-spot welding machine
18、曲臂多关节移动（手持）点焊机 / arm cURL multi-joint mobile (handheld), spot welding machine
19、制冷用（冷疑器）焊接专机 / refrigeration (cold suspected) welding machine
20、龙门式（钢丝网片）自动排羡和焊专机 /gantry (wire mesh) automatic welding special plane
21、龙门式（板金）自动多点焊专机 / gantry (sheet metal) automatic welding special plane
22、全自动（端子线）焊接剪线专机 / automatic (terminal lines) weld shearing line machine
23、自动（马达转子）焊接专机 / automatic (motor rotor) welding machine
24、汽车（连杆）焊接专机 / motor vehicles (link)/welding machine
25、汽车（兄迅盯滤清器）自动旋转焊接专机 / cars (filters), automatic Rotary welding machine
26、全自动氩弧焊接装置 / automatic Tig welding installation
27、闪光对焊专机 / Flash butt welding machine
28、除尘骨架焊接专机 / sting frame welding machine
29、螺母螺柱焊接专机 / nut/stud welding machine
30、隔筛网焊接专机 /screening mesh welding machine
31、金属手机外壳焊接专机 / metal welding machine for mobile phone cover
32、风扇网罩焊接专机 / Fan-Net Shield welding machine
33、银触点专用焊机 / silver contact Special welding machines
34、自动旋转焊接出料专机 /automatic Rotary welding machine
35、电池焊接点焊机系列 / battery spot welding machine for welding
36、咖啡壶焊接点焊机系列 /coffee pot, spot welding machine for welding
37、金属眼镜架焊接专机 / metal spectacle frame welding machine
38、锁具焊接专机 / lock/welding machine
39、更多电阻焊非标设备 /the more resistance welding of non-standard equipment/
终于翻译完了，累……
4. 英文翻译
Technology of Submerged Arc Welding
埋弧焊技术
The welding variables for submerged arc welding are similar to the other arc welding processes, with several exceptions. The electrode size is related to the weld joint size and the current recommended for the particular joint. This must also be considered in determining the number of passes or beads for a particular joint. Welds for the same joint dimension can be made with many or few passes; this depends on the weld metal metallurgy desired. Multiple passes are more expensive but usually deposit higher-quality weld metal. The polarity is established initially and is based on whether maximum penetration or maximum deposition rate is required.
埋弧焊技术的焊接变量与其他弧焊工艺的相似。但也有几个例外。电极尺寸与焊缝尺寸以及推荐给特定接头用的电流大小有关。确定特定接头的焊道或焊珠数量时也要考虑电极的尺寸。焊接相同尺寸的接头时，焊道数量可多可少，取决于所需的焊接金属冶金。多焊道的成本更高，但通过会熔覆高质量的焊接金属。极性应在一开始就根据是否需要最大焊透或熔覆率来确定。
The major variables that affect the weld involve heat input and include the welding current, arc voltage, and travel speed. Welding current is the most important. For single-pass welds, the current should be sufficient for the desired penetration without burn-through. The higher the current, the deeper the penetration is. In multi-pass work, the current should be suitable to proce the size of the weld expected in each pass.影响焊接的主要变量包括热输入量、焊接电流、弧焊电压以及焊接速度。其中焊接电流是最主要的变量。对于单焊道焊接来说，电流必须足以使焊接达到所需深度，但不能烧穿。电流越高，焊接越深。对于多焊道作业来说，电流必须适当，从而使每条焊道都获得所需的焊接尺寸。
The arc voltage is varied within narrow limits. It has an influence on the bead width and shape. Higher voltages will cause the bead to be wider and flatter. Extremely high arc voltage can cause cracking. This is because an abnormal amount of flux is melted and excess deoxidizers may be transferred to the weld deposit, lowering its ctility. Higher arc voltage also increases the amount of flux consumed. The low arc voltage proces a stiffer arc that improves penetration, particularly in the bottom of deep grooves. If the voltage is too low, a very marrow bead will result. It will have a high crown, and the slag will be difficult to remove.弧焊电压的变化范围很小。它对焊珠的宽度和形状有所影响。电压越高，焊珠越宽且越平。弧焊电压太高，则会导致开裂。这是因为融化的焊剂量太多，导致过量的去氧剂转移到堆焊上，从而降低了金属的延展性。更高弧焊电压所需要的焊剂也越多。低弧焊电压会产生刚性弧，从而使焊接更深，尤其是在深槽的底部。然而，如果电压过低，形成的焊珠会很窄，并高高隆起。这样会导致焊渣很难清除。
Travel speed has an influence on both bead width and on penetration. Faster speeds proce narrower beads that have less penetration. This can be an advantage for sheet metal welding, where small beads and minimum penetration are required. If speeds are too fast, however ,there is a tendency for undercut and porosity ,since the weld friezes quicker .If the travel speed is too slow, the electrode stays in the weld pool too long, which will create poor bead shape and may cause excessive spatter and flash through the layer of flux.焊接速度对焊珠宽度和焊透深度有影响。速度更快，焊珠更窄，且焊透深度更浅。焊接薄金属板时，速度更快更有利。因为此时需要小焊珠和浅焊透深度。然而如果速度太快，焊料起毛更快，则有可能形成咬边和气孔。如果焊接速度太低，电极在焊接熔池停留时间太长，则会形成不良焊珠、过量飞溅物和焊剂层穿孔。
The secondary variables include the angle of the electrode to the work, the angle of the work itself, the thickness of the flux layer, and, most important , the distance between the current pickup tip and the arc also called electrode stickout. 次要变量包括电极相对于工作台的角度、工作台角度、焊剂层的厚度以及导电嘴和电弧的间距（也称为电极干伸长）。其中电极干伸长是最重要的变量。
The depth of the flux layer must be controlled. If it is too thin, there will be too much arcing through the flux or arc flash. This also may cause porosity. If the flux depth is too heavy, the weld may be narrow and humped. On the subject of flux, too many fines( small particles of flux ) in the flux can cause surface pitting since the gases generated in the weld may not escape. These are sometimes called pock marks on the bead surface.
焊剂层的厚度必须得到控制。如果焊剂层太薄，则会有过量的电弧穿透焊剂或存在电弧闪光。这同样会产生气孔。如果焊剂层太厚，则焊缝可能会太窄且隆起。如果焊剂中存在太多细粉（小颗粒状焊剂），焊接时生成的气体可能无法逸出，从而表面可能会形成点蚀。它们有时被称做焊珠表面的麻面。
5. 碰焊用英语怎么说
你讲的情况应该算spot welding，即点焊，加上resistance更明确是电阻焊
butt welding一般指对接焊接，不是一般意义上的碰焊，碰焊就是接触焊，如你所说有很多种。